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A trade union is an organization consisting of employees, employers, or independent workers acting together to safeguard and advance their shared interests via collective bargaining. It is an organization dedicated to securing economic advantages for its members. It was created for several purposes. Individual workers deemed it more beneficial to unite and endeavour to set their working terms and conditions. They recognized that negotiating as individuals would provide the employer greater influence, as each individual has less significance than a collective in the operation of the enterprise. . Trade unions are regarded as fundamentally reforming organizations and economic institutions that were grounded on the Sarvodaya ideals of Truth, nonviolence, and Trusteeship. Trade unions are significant entities in the contemporary industrialized landscape. Trade unions adhere to three fundamental principles: Unity is strength, Equal remuneration for equivalent effort, and Employment security. In India, trade unions are intricately connected to industrial relations. . This paper is an attempt to analyze the perception of employees towards trade unions in promoting industrial relations in Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (TNSTC), Tirunelveli Division

In the modern business landscape, human capital remains a critical driver of organizational success. Beyond technical skills, a motivated and well-managed workforce is essential for achieving sustained growth and innovation, particularly in the technology-driven environment. Human Resource (HR) analytics, also referred to as people analytics, has emerged as a transformative tool, enabling organizations to make data-driven decisions that optimize workforce performance, enhance productivity, and align HR practices with strategic objectives. This research investigates the impact of HR analytics on workforce management in the Information Technology (IT) sector of Karnataka, a region renowned for its burgeoning IT industry centered in Bengaluru. The study emphasizes how HR analytics can address challenges related to talent acquisition, skill shortages, employee retention, and productivity enhancement in this competitive sector. HR analytics leverages data analysis techniques to collect, analyze, and interpret workforce data, offering actionable insights for decision-making in areas such as recruitment, training, performance evaluation, and employee engagement. By integrating advanced metrics and predictive analytics, organizations can identify trends, forecast talent demands, and design interventions tailored to specific workforce needs. This research highlights the role of HR analytics in transforming HR from a traditional administrative function into a strategic partner that directly contributes to business outcomes. This study employs a descriptive research design to examine the relationship between HR analytics adoption and workforce performance in Karnataka’s IT sector. Data were collected through structured surveys administered to 204 employees across multiple IT firms, with a focus on understanding perceptions of HR analytics and its influence on productivity, engagement, and retention. The variables analyzed include HR analytics adoption, employee productivity, engagement levels, and turnover rates. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were employed to explore relationships among these variables, offering a comprehensive understanding of the transformative potential of HR analytics. The findings reveal that HR analytics significantly enhances organizational efficiency and productivity. By utilizing evidence-based decision-making, HR professionals can identify productivity drivers such as training effectiveness, employee engagement, and performance outcomes. Organizations that effectively implement HR analytics report improved hiring precision, targeted training programs, and proactive measures to address skill gaps. Moreover, HR analytics facilitates strategic alignment by linking HR initiatives to broader organizational goals, ensuring that workforce strategies contribute directly to business objectives. Enhanced employee engagement, reduced turnover, and improved job satisfaction are additional benefits, highlighting the multifaceted impact of HR analytics on organizational success. The IT sector in Karnataka, particularly in Bengaluru, faces unique challenges due to rapid technological advancements, high employee turnover, and intense competition for skilled talent. This study underscores the critical role of HR analytics in addressing these issues. By analyzing workforce data, organizations can proactively manage talent pipelines, design retention strategies, and foster a culture of continuous learning and development. The predictive capabilities of HR analytics further enable organizations to anticipate future workforce needs, mitigate risks, and remain competitive in an ever-evolving industry. Despite its numerous benefits, the adoption of HR analytics in India remains at a nascent stage. The study identifies barriers such as low awareness, inadequate training, and resistance to change among HR professionals. Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort to enhance the competency of HR practitioners, invest in advanced analytics tools, and foster a data-driven culture within organizations. By overcoming these obstacles, companies can unlock the full potential of HR analytics and drive sustained growth and innovation. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on HR analytics by providing insights into its practical application and impact in the Indian IT sector. It highlights the strategic importance of integrating analytics into HR practices and underscores the need for organizations to embrace data-driven decision-making to achieve long-term success. The study also offers actionable recommendations for HR professionals and business leaders, emphasizing the importance of training, resource optimization, and continuous improvement in leveraging HR analytics for workforce management. By adopting these strategies, organizations can enhance employee productivity, improve organizational outcomes, and maintain a competitive edge in today’s dynamic business environment.

The article discusses the legal regulation of operations with cryptocurrency, which functions with the help of blockchain technology. It has been determined that blockchain technology will not only revolutionize financial spheres, but also has the potential to change approaches to data management, cybersecurity, logistics, medicine and other industries. Based on the principles of decentralization and security, it opens up new opportunities for optimizing business processes and ensuring transparency in other sectors of society.
Purpose. It consists in an in-depth study of the essence of cryptocurrencies through the analysis of international experience regarding their legal regulation. In addition, the work is aimed at the development of specific proposals and prospects for the further development of the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies in Ukraine.
Scientific novelty. It is noted that the development and expansion of the use of blockchain technology in Ukraine indicate a rapid process of adaptation to the digital age and define the country as a promising participant in the global innovation movement. It has been proven that outside of the financial sector, blockchain technology can serve as an effective tool for voting platforms and document and title management, which can contribute to improving the processes of democracy and administration.
It is noted that Ukraine, being a supporter of digital innovations, is already implementing blockchain in public spheres, such as SETAM and the state land cadastre. However, the main application of blockchain in Ukraine in the public sphere is currently the cryptocurrency market, which is currently regulated by the Law of Ukraine “On Virtual Assets”.
Methods and methodology. In the course of the research, such methods as analysis and synthesis, methods of historical and logical modeling were used. Theoretical approaches were also applied, in particular the method of formalization and the method “from abstract to concrete”.
Results. In the proposed article, special attention is paid to the analysis of aspects of the practical application of the legal mechanism of the cryptocurrency market.
Conclusions.  The national legislation on the regulation of the cryptocurrency market in Ukraine needs improvement. This may include implementing a taxation system for cryptocurrency and defining a clear legal status for this type of digital asset. It is also important to determine the algorithm of actions for transactions with cryptocurrencies and establish transparent rules for their regulation. The creation of dedicated regulatory bodies that specialize in digital currency matters could contribute to more effective oversight of the industry. These authorities may be responsible for advising users, issuing licenses and controlling processes related to the use of cryptocurrencies, including money laundering prevention.

Research explores the influence of personalized push notifications on perception and app loyalty in the context of online shopping. With the rise of digital marketing, personalized notifications have emerged as a critical tool for enhancing user engagement and driving purchase decisions. The consumers aged 18 to 25 were the subjects of the study and reveals that most of the participants receive personalized notifications, primarily from shopping apps like Amazon. Findings indicate that users perceive these notifications as highly relevant, positively influencing their shopping experiences. However, privacy concerns and the potential for misleading content pose significant challenges. The analysis shows a moderate positive relationship between personalized push notifications and app loyalty, suggesting that effective customization can enhance user satisfaction. No significant differences in perception were found across gender and occupation, indicating a collective awareness of the advantages and drawbacks of personalized marketing. Future research can be done to investigate the long-term effects of personalized notifications on app loyalty or preferred notification content and formats and assess consumer awareness regarding innovative marketing strategies. By addressing privacy concerns and optimizing notification strategies businesses can improve trust and enhance customer loyalty in an increasingly competitive digital world. Besides, understanding user preferences for notification frequency and content can further refine marketing strategies, ensuring that push notifications remain engaging rather than intrusive. By leveraging the information from consumers, marketers can create a more personalized experience that not only enhances revenue but also cultivates long-term loyalty and utility.

Introduction:
Today, environmental issues have become a global concern, particularly due to the looming threat of climate change. These issues are not just topics of discussion, but potential disruptors of various industries, including sustainable tourism. Post-pandemic, the most sought-after tourist destination in Indonesia was a sustainable tourism village, highlighting the significance of our research.
Methodology:
This research employs a unique blend of methodologies, combining a descriptive approach with the AHP method. The descriptive approach provides us with exposure, description, and exploration data, which are crucial for understanding the strategy arrangement criteria. The AHP method, on the other hand, allows us to analyze the descriptive data and generate recommendations for multi-criteria planning strategies.
Findings:
The analysis reveals that strategic planning for Pancot Hamlet is based on four comprehensive criteria and 13 alternative criteria. These criteria, which include tourism destinations, village communities as tourism developers’ human resources, tourism village management institutions, and tourism marketing, are each supported by 13 alternative strategies. This comprehensive approach ensures that all aspects of sustainable tourism development in Pancot Hamlet are thoroughly considered.
Conclusion:
The recommendations of this study for developing Pancot Hamlet into a tourist village are practical and actionable. They include determining the strategy for developing Pancot Hamlet into a tourist village, forming a tourism institutional organization in the form of Pokdarwis as a tourism destination management unit, engaging the surrounding community to participate in the development of a tourist village, and developing the image and positioning of Pancot Hamlet as a tourist village.