Title: THE INFLUENCE OF SELF-EFFICACY AND CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE ON THE OVERSEAS INTERNSHIP CONSTRAINTS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS: MOTIVATION AS A MODERATING VARIABLE
Authors: Nairei Hori and Ren-Fang Chao
Abstract:

Overseas internships are important learning experiences for university students. This study analyzed self-efficacy and cultural intelligence with motivation as a moderating variable to elucidate the impact of overseas internship constraints on university students. The findings of this study indicated that both self-efficacy and cultural intelligence have a negative impact on overseas internship constraints, suggesting that university students with higher self-efficacy and greater acceptance of different cultures are better able to overcome overseas internship constraints. The findings also showed that motivation is not a significant moderator of the interaction between self-efficacy and oversea internship constraints. However, motivation negatively moderates the interaction between cultural intelligence and overseas internship constraints. In other words, the negative impact of cultural intelligence on overseas internship constraints is more pronounced in university students with stronger participatory motivations. This observation was attributed to individuals with higher cultural intelligence being more capable of adjusting their mindset to avoid emotional exhaustion.

Keywords: Self-Efficacy, Cultural Intelligence, Motivation, Overseas Internship Constraints
DOI: https://doi.org/10.38193/IJRCMS.2023.5402
PDF Download
References:
[1]     Bairaktarova, D., & Woodcock, A. (2017). Engineering student’s ethical awareness and behavior: A new motivational model. Science and Engineering Ethics23, 1129-1157.
[2]     Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Prentice Hall.
[3]     Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W.H. Freeman.
[4]     Bandura, A. (2004). Cultivate self-efficacy for personal and organizational effectiveness. In E. A. Locke (Ed.), Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behavior (pp. 125-142). Blackwell.
[5]     Barrett, M. D., Huber, J., & Reynolds, C. (2014). Developing Intercultural Competence through Education. Council of Europe.
[6]     Benden, D. K., & Lauermann, F. (2023). Searching for short-term motivational alignment and spillover effects: A random intercept cross-lagged analysis of students’ expectancies and task values in math-intensive study programs. Contemporary Educational Psychology73, 102166.
[7]     Bhawuk, D., & Brislin, R. (2000). Cross‐cultural training: A review. Applied Psychology49(1), 162-191.
[8]     Bodenhorn, N., Jackson, A. D., & Farrell, R. (2005). Increasing personal cultural awareness through discussions with international students. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education17(1), 63-68.
[9]     Borstorff, P. C., Harris, S. G., Feild, H. S., & Giles, W. F. (1997). Who’ll go? A review of factors associated with employee willingness to work overseas. People and Strategy20(3), 29-40.
[10] Brislin, R., Worthley, R., & Macnab, B. (2006). Cultural intelligence: Understanding behaviors that serve people’s goals. Group & Organization Management31(1), 40-55.
[11] Brophy, J. (2008). Developing students’ appreciation for what is taught in school. Educational Psychologist43(3), 132-141.
[12] Busby, G. (2005). Work experience and industrial links. In D. Airey, & J. Tribe (Eds.), An International Handbook of Tourism Education (pp. 93-107). Elsevier.
[13] Chen, T. L., & Shen, C. C. (2012). Today’s intern, tomorrow’s practitioner? The influence of internship programs on students’ career development in the Hospitality Industry. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education11(1), 29-40.
[14] Cobham, D. (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned in promoting student internationalisation. International Journal of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences16(3), 155-158.
[15] de Freitas Coelho, M., de Sevilha Gosling, M., & de Almeida, A. S. A. (2018). Tourism experiences: Core processes of memorable trips. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management37, 11-22.
[16] Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures. Stanford University Press.
[17] Gilleard, J., & Gilleard, J. D. (2002). Developing cross-cultural communication skills. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice128(4), 187-200.
[18] Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1981). A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women. Journal of Vocational Behavior18(3), 326-339.
[19] Jenifer, R. D., & Raman, G. P. (2015). Cross-cultural communication barriers in the workplace. International Journal of Management6(1), 348-351.
[20] Kim, W. J. (2015). Enhancing social work students’ multicultural counseling competency: Can travel abroad substitute for study abroad? International Social Work58(1), 88-96.
[21] Kistyanto, A., Rahman, M. F. W., Adhar Wisandiko, F., & Setyawati, E. E. P. (2022). Cultural intelligence increase student’s innovative behavior in higher education: The mediating role of interpersonal trust. International Journal of Educational Management36(4), 419-440.
[22] Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4th Ed.). New York, NY: Guilford publications.
[23] Lam, R., Cheung, C., & Lugosi, P. (2022). The impacts of cultural intelligence and emotional labor on the job satisfaction of luxury hotel employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management100, 103084.
[24] Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2000). Contextual supports and barriers to career choice: A social cognitive analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology47(1), 36-49.
[25] Liu, Y. Y.-F. (2020). Innovative teaching design under global mobility: Going out, staying alive, as well as fun early childhood education and care activities. Journal of Teaching Practice and Pedagogical Innovation, 3(1), 1-43.
[26] Mazer, J. P., Murphy, R. E., & Simonds, C. J. (2007). I’ll see you on “Facebook”: The effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate. Communication Education56(1), 1-17.
[27] Ministry of Education, Taiwan (2023). Scholarships for colleges and universities to send students to study abroad or overseas professional internship programs. Department of International and Cross-strait Education. https://depart.moe.edu.tw/ed2500/cp.aspx?n=0C20BE04D29CE13C&s=A0A73CF7630B1B26
[28] Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Taiwan (2023). Select and send NGO cadres and young students to overseas internship programs. Department of NGO International Affairs. https://www.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=95&s=99866
[29] Newman, R. S. (2008). Adaptive and nonadaptive help seeking with peer harassment: An integrative perspective of coping and self-regulation. Educational Psychologist43(1), 1-15.
[30] O’Keefe, P. A., Horberg, E. J., Plante, I. (2017). The multifaceted role of interest in motivation and engagement. In P. O’Keefe, J. Harackiewicz (Eds.), The Science of Interest (pp. 49-67). Springer.
[31] Peterson, D. K. (2004). The relationship between perceptions of corporate citizenship and organizational commitment. Business & Society43(3), 296-319.
[32] Pintrich, P. R., & de Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology82(1), 33-40.
[33] Ruiz, N., & Fandos, M. (2014). The role of tutoring in higher education: Improving the student’s academic success and professional goals. Revista Internacional de Organizaciones, 12, 89-100.
[34] Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology25(1), 54-67.
[35] Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2006). Cultural intelligence and successful intelligence. Group & Organization Management31(1), 27-39.
[36] Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2006). Motivational cultural intelligence, realistic job preview, realistic living conditions preview, and cross-cultural adjustment. Group & Organization Management31(1), 154-173.
[37] Teng, C. W. C., Lim, R. B. T., Chow, D. W. S., Narayanasamy, S., Liow, C. H., & Lee, J. J. M. (2022). Internships before and during COVID-19: Experiences and perceptions of undergraduate interns and supervisors. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning12(3), 459-474.
[38] Tien, H.-L. S. (1999). A qualitative analysis of career barriers perceived by women in Taiwan. In the 107th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Boston.
[39] Toncar, M. F., & Cudmore, B. V. (2000). The overseas internship experience. Journal of Marketing Education22(1), 54-63.
[40] Tsai, C. T. S., Hsu, H., & Yang, C. C. (2017). Career decision self-efficacy plays a crucial role in hospitality undergraduates’ internship efficacy and career preparation. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education21, 61-68.
[41] Vallerand, R. J. (2012). From motivation to passion: In search of the motivational processes involved in a meaningful life. Canadian Psychology53(1), 42-52.
[42] van‘t Klooster, E., Van Wijk, J., Go, F., & Van Rekom, J. (2008). Educational travel: The overseas internship. Annals of Tourism Research35(3), 690-711.
[43] Weber, K. (2003). The relationship of interest to internal and external motivation. Communication Research Reports20(4), 376-383.
[44] Wikle, T. A., & Fagin, T. D. (2015). Hard and soft skills in preparing GIS professionals: Comparing perceptions of employers and educators. Transactions in GIS19(5), 641-652.